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{nl}Form of gambling
Odds boards in a Las Vegas sportsbook
Sports betting is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a7️⃣ wager on the outcome.
Sports bettors place their wagers either legally, through a bookmaker/sportsbook, or illegally through privately run enterprises referred7️⃣ to as "bookies".
The term "book" is a reference to the books used by wage brokers to track wagers, payouts, and7️⃣ debts.
Many legal sportsbooks are found online, operated over the Internet from jurisdictions separate from the clients they serve, usually to7️⃣ get around various gambling laws (such as the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 in the United States) in7️⃣ select markets, such as Las Vegas, or on gambling cruises through self-serve kiosks.
[1] There are different types of legalized sports7️⃣ betting now such as game betting, parlays props and future bets.
They take bets "up-front", meaning the bettor must pay the7️⃣ sportsbook before placing the bet.
Due to the nature of their business, illegal bookies can operate anywhere but only require money7️⃣ from losing bettors and do not require the wagered money up front, creating the possibility of debt to the bookie7️⃣ from the bettor.
This creates a number of other criminal elements, thus furthering their illegality.
There have been a number of sports7️⃣ betting scandals, affecting the integrity of sports events through various acts including point shaving (players affecting the score by missing7️⃣ shots), spot-fixing (a player action is fixed), bad calls from officials at key moments, and overall match-fixing (the overall result7️⃣ of the event is fixed).
Examples include the 1919 World Series, the alleged (and later admitted) illegal gambling of former baseball7️⃣ player Pete Rose, and former NBA referee Tim Donaghy.
Types of betsUnited States
Betting on the Favorite, an 1870 engraving published in7️⃣ Harper's Weekly
Moneyline bets do not have a spread or handicap, and require the chosen team to win the game outright.
The7️⃣ favored team pays lower odds than does the underdog; thus, it acts mainly as an enticement to take the underdog7️⃣ for a better payout.
Sometimes a bettor may couple this type of bet on the favored team to increase the payout7️⃣ of a parlay.
do not have a spread or handicap, and require the chosen team to win the game outright.
The favored7️⃣ team pays lower odds than does the underdog; thus, it acts mainly as an enticement to take the underdog for7️⃣ a better payout.
Sometimes a bettor may couple this type of bet on the favored team to increase the payout of7️⃣ a parlay.
Spread betting are wagers that are made against the spread.
The spread, or line, is a number assigned by the7️⃣ bookmakers which handicaps one team and favors another when two teams play each other and one is perceived as being7️⃣ more likely to win.
The favorite "gives" points from the final score, and the underdog "takes" points.
This number can also be7️⃣ in increments of half-a-point (.
5) even though very few sports have .5 point scoring (i.e.
, The Ryder Cup), to avoid7️⃣ the possibility of a tie.
For example, before game 5 of the 2012 NBA Finals, the Miami Heat were expected to7️⃣ beat the Oklahoma City Thunder.
The line read: Miami −3.
5, Oklahoma City +3.5.
[2] To determine who wins against the spread, the7️⃣ line is either added or subtracted from a team's final score.
In the above example, if the bettor chose Miami, for7️⃣ him to win his bet, Miami would have to win the game by 4 points or more.
If a bettor took7️⃣ Oklahoma City, they would have to win outright or lose by 3 points or fewer.
If the final adjusted score is7️⃣ a tie, the bet is considered a push.
The half point at the end is sometimes added to eliminate the possibility7️⃣ of a push.
This is the most common type of bet in American sports betting.
Total (Over/Under) bets are wagers made based7️⃣ on the total score between both teams.
In an example, if an MLB game has a total of 10.
5, an over7️⃣ bettor will want the combined total to be greater, and the opposite for a bettor taking the under.
If the combined7️⃣ total is the same as the proposed total, the bet is a push.
Most sports books refund all wagers on pushes,7️⃣ though a minority counts them as losses.
are wagers made based on the total score between both teams.
In an example, if7️⃣ an MLB game has a total of 10.
5, an over bettor will want the combined total to be greater, and7️⃣ the opposite for a bettor taking the under.
If the combined total is the same as the proposed total, the bet7️⃣ is a push.
Most sports books refund all wagers on pushes, though a minority counts them as losses.
Proposition bets are wagers7️⃣ made on a very specific outcome of a match not related to the final score, usually of a statistical nature.
Examples7️⃣ include predicting the number of goals a star player scores in an association football match, betting whether a player will7️⃣ run for a certain number of yards in an American football game, or wagering that a baseball player on one7️⃣ team will accumulate more hits than another player on the opposing team.
are wagers made on a very specific outcome of7️⃣ a match not related to the final score, usually of a statistical nature.
Examples include predicting the number of goals a7️⃣ star player scores in an association football match, betting whether a player will run for a certain number of yards7️⃣ in an American football game, or wagering that a baseball player on one team will accumulate more hits than another7️⃣ player on the opposing team.Parlays.
A parlay involves multiple bets that rewards successful bettors with a greater payout only if all7️⃣ bets in the parlay win.
A parlay is at least two bets, but can be as many as the bookmaker will7️⃣ allow.
The possible payout of the parlay is determined by the combined likelihood of all bets placed.
A parlay of riskier bets7️⃣ (more underdogs) will pay greater than a parlay of more likely bets (more favorites).
In a parlay, all bets need to7️⃣ win in order for the parlay to win.
If one of the bets on a parlay loses, the whole parlay loses.
In7️⃣ the event of a push, the pushed bet would be taken out of the parlay and the parlay would bump7️⃣ down to a set of odds without that bet.
Parlays are very appealing to bettors because they pay out much more7️⃣ than the total winnings of their constituent straight bets.
However, it is much more difficult to hit on a parlay than7️⃣ it is on a single wager.Teasers.
A teaser is a parlay that gives the bettor an advantage at a lower, but7️⃣ still positive, payout if successful.
The bettor selects the sport(s), number of games, and number of points given.
If the bettor takes7️⃣ two NBA games at +6.
5 it will adjust the individual bets at that rate.
So a bet on a 3-point underdog7️⃣ at +3 will become a bet at +9.
5 points, and for favorites, it will change a 3-point favorite at −37️⃣ to +3.5 points.
Although the rules to win his bet are the same as a parlay, he is paid less than7️⃣ a regular parlay due to the increased odds of winning.If bets .
An if bet consists of at least two straight7️⃣ bets joined by an if clause, which determines the wager process.
If the player's first selection complies with the condition (clause),7️⃣ then the second selection will have action; if the second selection complies with the condition, then the third selection will7️⃣ have action and so on..
An if bet consists of at least two straight bets joined by an if clause, which7️⃣ determines the wager process.
If the player's first selection complies with the condition (clause), then the second selection will have action;7️⃣ if the second selection complies with the condition, then the third selection will have action and so on.
Run line, puck7️⃣ line, or goal line bets .
These are wagers offered as alternatives to money line wagers in baseball, hockey, or soccer,7️⃣ respectively.
These bets are effectively point spread bets that have the same money line odds on either side of the wager7️⃣ (i.e.
industry standard of -110 to -115).
Sportsbooks will occasionally shift the moneyline by a few points on either side of these7️⃣ spread bets..
These are wagers offered as alternatives to money line wagers in baseball, hockey, or soccer, respectively.
These bets are effectively7️⃣ point spread bets that have the same money line odds on either side of the wager (i.e.
industry standard of -1107️⃣ to -115).
Sportsbooks will occasionally shift the moneyline by a few points on either side of these spread bets.Futures wagers.
While all7️⃣ sports wagers are by definition on future events, bets listed as "futures" generally have a long-term horizon measured in weeks7️⃣ or months; for example, a bet that a certain NFL team will win the Super Bowl for the upcoming season.
Such7️⃣ a bet can be made before the season starts in September for the best possible payout, but futures are typically7️⃣ available year-round, with payouts being reduced as the season progresses and it becomes easier to predict a champion.
In this example,7️⃣ winning bets will not pay off until the conclusion of the Super Bowl in January or February (although many of7️⃣ the losing bets will be clear well before then and can be closed out by the book).
Odds for such a7️⃣ bet generally are expressed in a ratio of units paid to unit wagered.
The team wagered upon might be 50–1 (or7️⃣ +5000) to win the Super Bowl, which means that the bet will pay 50 times the amount wagered if the7️⃣ team does so.
In general, most sportsbooks will prefer this type of wager due to the low win-probability, and also the7️⃣ longer period of time in which the house holds the player's money while the bet is pending.
For this same reason,7️⃣ most professional bettors do not prefer to place futures bets.
A sportsbook may choose to buy in-play futures wagers at a7️⃣ price below the actual payout before a championship is decided if the potential payout is very high (and thus, damaging7️⃣ to the sportsbook due to the money that may be lost).
The most recent example of this was when Leicester City7️⃣ pursued and went on to win the 2015/16 Premier League.[3]Head-to-Head .
In these bets, bettor predicts competitors results against each other7️⃣ and not on the overall result of the event.
One example are Formula One races, where you bet on two or7️⃣ three drivers and their placement among the others.
Sometimes you can also bet a "tie", in which one or both drivers7️⃣ either have the same time, drop out, or get disqualified..
In these bets, bettor predicts competitors results against each other and7️⃣ not on the overall result of the event.
One example are Formula One races, where you bet on two or three7️⃣ drivers and their placement among the others.
Sometimes you can also bet a "tie", in which one or both drivers either7️⃣ have the same time, drop out, or get disqualified.Totalizators .
In totalizators (sometimes called flexible-rate bets) the odds are changing in7️⃣ real-time according to the share of total exchange each of the possible outcomes have received taking into account the return7️⃣ rate of the bookmaker offering the bet.
For example: If the bookmakers return percentage is 90%, 90% of the amount placed7️⃣ on the winning result will be given back to bettors and 10% goes to the bookmaker.
Naturally the more money bet7️⃣ on a certain result, the smaller the odds on that outcome become.
This is similar to parimutuel wagering in horse racing7️⃣ and dog racing..
In totalizators (sometimes called flexible-rate bets) the odds are changing in real-time according to the share of total7️⃣ exchange each of the possible outcomes have received taking into account the return rate of the bookmaker offering the bet.
For7️⃣ example: If the bookmakers return percentage is 90%, 90% of the amount placed on the winning result will be given7️⃣ back to bettors and 10% goes to the bookmaker.
Naturally the more money bet on a certain result, the smaller the7️⃣ odds on that outcome become.
This is similar to parimutuel wagering in horse racing and dog racing.Half bets .
A half (halftime)7️⃣ bet applies only to the score of the first or second half.
This bet can be placed on the spread (line)7️⃣ or over/under.
This can also be applied to a specific quarter in American football or basketball, a fewer number of innings7️⃣ in baseball, or a specific period in hockey..
A half (halftime) bet applies only to the score of the first or7️⃣ second half.
This bet can be placed on the spread (line) or over/under.
This can also be applied to a specific quarter7️⃣ in American football or basketball, a fewer number of innings in baseball, or a specific period in hockey.In-play betting.
In-play betting,7️⃣ or live betting, is a fairly new feature offered by some online sports books that enables bettors to place new7️⃣ bets while a sporting event is in progress.
In-play betting first appeared towards the end of the 1990s when some bookmakers7️⃣ would take bets over the telephone whilst a sports event was in progress, and has now evolved into a popular7️⃣ online service in many countries.
[4] The introduction of in-play betting has allowed bookmakers to increase the number of markets available7️⃣ to bet on during sports events, and gamblers are able to place bets based on many types of in-game activity7️⃣ during the matches.
For example, in football matches, it is possible to bet in on in-play markets including the match result,7️⃣ half-time score, number of goals scored in the first or second half of the game, the number of yellow cards7️⃣ during the match, and the name of the goal scorers.
[4] The availability of a particular sport and in-play markets varies7️⃣ from bookmaker to bookmaker.
In-play sports betting has structural characteristics that have changed the mechanics of gambling for sports bettors, as7️⃣ they can now place a larger number of bets during a single sports game (as opposed to a single bet7️⃣ on who is going to win).
One of the most important differences between being able to place an in-running sports bet7️⃣ opposed to a pre-match bet is that the nature of the market has been turned what was previously a discontinuous7️⃣ form of gambling into a continuous one.
The gambling study literature has suggested that in-play sports betting may offer more of7️⃣ a risk to problem gamblers because it allows the option for high-speed continuous betting and requires rapid and impulsive decisions7️⃣ in the absence of time for reflection.
[4] There are three different types of in-play sports betting products(cash out, Edit my7️⃣ Acca, and Edit my Bet).Cash Out .
Cash Out betting functionality lets the user of a betting website take profit early7️⃣ if their bet is coming in, or get some of their stake back if their bet is going against them-all7️⃣ before the event is over.
Cash Out offers are optionally made by the website in real time on some current bets7️⃣ held by the user and are optionally taken by the user by clicking on a button on the webpage to7️⃣ "Cash out".
Cash Out sports betting functionality developed on digital betting websites after 2008 with the evolution of betting exchanges.
It was7️⃣ later adopted by online sports books and suppliers of betting software.
'Cash out' is offered to users by online sportsbook operators7️⃣ based on the profitability of offering the option to the user to divest their existing bet on an outcome and7️⃣ is sometimes available on singles and multiples.
It is regularly offered on a wide range of sports, including American football, tennis,7️⃣ horse racing, basketball, and most other markets.
You can Cash Out of bets pre-play, in-play, and between legs, before the outcome7️⃣ of the event.
It has proved a key customer retention tool for sports book operators looking to capitalize on the use7️⃣ of mobile handsets while the bettor/user is also watching a given event.[4].
Cash Out betting functionality lets the user of a7️⃣ betting website take profit early if their bet is coming in, or get some of their stake back if their7️⃣ bet is going against them-all before the event is over.
Cash Out offers are optionally made by the website in real7️⃣ time on some current bets held by the user and are optionally taken by the user by clicking on a7️⃣ button on the webpage to "Cash out".
Cash Out sports betting functionality developed on digital betting websites after 2008 with the7️⃣ evolution of betting exchanges.
It was later adopted by online sports books and suppliers of betting software.
'Cash out' is offered to7️⃣ users by online sportsbook operators based on the profitability of offering the option to the user to divest their existing7️⃣ bet on an outcome and is sometimes available on singles and multiples.
It is regularly offered on a wide range of7️⃣ sports, including American football, tennis, horse racing, basketball, and most other markets.
You can Cash Out of bets pre-play, in-play, and7️⃣ between legs, before the outcome of the event.
It has proved a key customer retention tool for sports book operators looking7️⃣ to capitalize on the use of mobile handsets while the bettor/user is also watching a given event.Edit My Acca .
This7️⃣ feature allows gamblers to remove selections from their accumulator after the bet has been placed and in some instances after7️⃣ the selected event has started.
The betting slip is then revised to feature the amended selections and a new potential return7️⃣ amount.
This can be done online or via a mobile device.[4].
This feature allows gamblers to remove selections from their accumulator after7️⃣ the bet has been placed and in some instances after the selected event has started.
The betting slip is then revised7️⃣ to feature the amended selections and a new potential return amount.
This can be done online or via a mobile device.Edit7️⃣ My Bet.
The 'edit bet' feature can be used by gamblers to 'unsettle straight accumulators' before matches have started or whilst7️⃣ they are in-play.
The feature can also be used for to swap single bets for new bets, and the gambler is7️⃣ given a new bet selection valued at the bookie's cash out price to reflect live market/game odds for the original7️⃣ bet.[4]Bookmaking
The bookmaker functions as a market maker for sports wagers, most of which have a binary outcome: a team either7️⃣ wins or loses.
The bookmaker accepts both wagers, and maintains a spread (the vigorish) which will ensure a profit regardless of7️⃣ the outcome of the wager.
The Federal Wire Act of 1961 was an attempt by the US government to prevent illegal7️⃣ bookmaking.
[5] However, this Act does not apply to other types of online gambling.
[6] The Supreme Court has not ruled on7️⃣ the meaning of the Federal Wire Act as it pertains to online gambling.
Bookmakers usually hold an 11–10 advantage over their7️⃣ customers-for small wagers it is closer to a 6–5 advantage-so the bookmaker will most likely survive over the long term.
Successful7️⃣ bookmakers must be able to withstand a large short term loss.(Boyd, 1981)
Many of the leading gambling bookmakers from the 1930s7️⃣ to the 1960s got their start during the prohibition era of the 1920s.
They were often descendants of the influx of7️⃣ immigrants coming into the US at this time.
Although the common stereotype is that these bookies were of Italian descent, many7️⃣ leading bookies were of eastern European ancestry.[7]Odds
Odds for different outcomes in single bet are presented either in European format (decimal7️⃣ odds), UK format (fractional odds), or American format (money line odds).
European format (decimal odds) are used in continental Europe, Canada,7️⃣ and Australia.
They are the ratio of the full payout to the stake, in a decimal format.Decimal odds of 2.00 are7️⃣ an even bet.
UK format (fractional odds) are used by British bookmakers.
They are the ratio of the amount won to the7️⃣ stake – the solidus "/" is pronounced "to" for example 7/1 "seven to one".
Fractional odds of 1/1 are an even7️⃣ bet.
US format odds are the amount won on a 100 stake when positive, and the stake needed to win 1007️⃣ when negative.
US odds of 100 are an even bet.
Decimal Fractional US Hong Kong Indo Malay Implied probability 1.50 1/2 −2007️⃣ 0.50 −2.00 0.50 1 in 1.5 = 67% 2.
00 Evens (1/1) +100 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 in 2 = 50%7️⃣ 2.50 6/4 +150 1.50 1.50 −0.67 1 in 2.5 = 40% 3.00 2/1 +200 2.00 2.00 −0.50 1 in 37️⃣ = 33%
Conversion formulas x To Do this Decimal Fractional x-1, then convert to fraction Decimal US 100*(x-1) if x>2; -100/(x-1)7️⃣ if x<2 Fractional Decimal divide fraction, then x+1 Fractional US divide fraction, then 100*x if x>=1; -100/x if x<1 US7️⃣ Decimal (x/100)+1 if x>0; (−100/x)+1 if x<0 US Fractional x/100, if x>0; -100/x, if x<0 Decimal Hong Kong x-1 Hong7️⃣ Kong Indo x if x>=1; (1/x)*-1 if x<1 Hong Kong Malay x if x<=1; (1/x)*-1 if x>1
In Asian betting markets,7️⃣ other frequently used formats for expressing odds include Hong Kong, Malaysian, and Indonesian-style odds formats.
Odds are also quite often expressed7️⃣ in terms of implied probability, which corresponds to the probability with which the event in question would need to occur7️⃣ for the bet to be a break-even proposition (on the average).
Many online tools also exist for automated conversion between these7️⃣ odds formats.
In setting odds, the bookmaker is subject to a number of limitations:[8]
The probability implied by the odds should be7️⃣ greater than the true probability for each possible outcome to guarantee positive expected profit.
If the wagers on each outcome are7️⃣ made in ratio to the implied odds, then the bookmaker is guaranteed a profit (balanced book).
Legality
In many countries, bookmaking (the7️⃣ profession of accepting sports wagers) is regulated but not criminalized.
The opinions of betting from sport authorities are mixed.
The United States7️⃣ National Football League was previously fully against any sort of legalization of sports betting prior to the late 2010s, strongly7️⃣ protesting it as to not bring corruption into the game.
[citation needed] On the other hand, the CEO of the International7️⃣ Cricket Council believe sports betting, in particular in India, should be legalized to curb illegal bookies where match fixing has7️⃣ occurred from nontransparent bookmakers.
[citation needed] According to the Law Commission of India, all forms of gambling are illegal.
Online sports betting7️⃣ is a gray area and is not banned by any particular law in the Indian legal system.
That is because specific7️⃣ provisions distinguish between games of chance and games of skill.
[citation needed]United States
Map of sports betting legality as of October 15,7️⃣ 2021[9]
Sports betting legal Sports betting illegal Kentucky has since legalized sports betting, with betting to go live no later than7️⃣ December 28, 2023.[10]
In the United States, it was previously illegal under the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 19927️⃣ (PASPA) for states to authorize legal sports betting, hence making it effectively illegal.
The states of Delaware, Montana, Nevada, and Oregon-which7️⃣ had pre-existing sports lotteries and sports betting frameworks, were grandfathered in and exempted from the effects of the Act.
[11][12] PASPA7️⃣ was struck down by the Supreme Court in Murphy v.
National Collegiate Athletic Association in 2018, paving the way for other7️⃣ states to legalize sports betting.
In May 2020, it was reported that since the Supreme Court's PASPA decision, over $20 billion7️⃣ had been spent on sports betting in the United States.
[13] As of May 2022, 30 states and Washington, D.C.
have operational7️⃣ legalized sports betting, while an additional four states have legalized it, but have not yet launched legal sportsbooks.[9]
Positions of American7️⃣ professional sports leagues
The positions of the four major American sports leagues (representing American football, baseball, basketball, and ice hockey) have7️⃣ become more complex since their decision to embrace daily fantasy sports (DFS) in 2014, which are described by those within7️⃣ the industry as "almost identical to a casino" in nature.
With the contention by critics that such activities blur the lines7️⃣ between gambling and fantasy sports, the endorsement of all four major sports leagues and many individual franchises provided a marked7️⃣ contrast to their positions on betting.
[14] Professional sports leagues updated their positions again on May 14, 2018, when the Supreme7️⃣ Court of the United States overturned the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992 (PASPA).
NBA
While the National Basketball Association7️⃣ (NBA) was once active in preventing sports betting law relaxation, current NBA Commissioner Adam Silver became the first major sports7️⃣ leader to break from previous administrative opposition to gambling.
In 2014 he stated in a New York Times op-ed, "I believe7️⃣ that sports betting should be brought out of the underground and into the sunlight where it can be appropriately monitored7️⃣ and regulated.
"[15] In 2017, with support for legalization growing, he confirmed his belief that "legalized sports betting is inevitable".[16]
Silver released7️⃣ the following statement following the Supreme Court's overturning of PASPA: "Today's decision by the Supreme Court opens the door for7️⃣ states to pass laws legalizing sports betting.
We remain in favor of a federal framework that would provide a uniform approach7️⃣ to sports gambling in states that choose to permit it, but we will remain active in ongoing discussions with state7️⃣ legislatures.
Regardless of the particulars of any future sports betting law, the integrity of our game remains our highest priority."[17]MLB
Major League7️⃣ Baseball (MLB) Commissioner Rob Manfred has also advocated the league changing its stance on sports betting, with both Manfred and7️⃣ Silver noting that the scale of illegal sports betting makes opposition to betting meaningless.
He also stated a willingness to "try7️⃣ to shape" any future legislation at federal level.
This was noted as a marked contrast to former Commissioner of the MLB7️⃣ Bud Selig, with Manfred going beyond tacit approval and stating, "There is this buzz out there in terms of people7️⃣ feeling that there may be an opportunity here for additional legalized sports betting."[18]
MLB released the following statement when the Supreme7️⃣ Court overturned PASPA: "Today's decision by the United States Supreme Court will have profound effects on Major League Baseball.
As each7️⃣ state considers whether to allow sports betting, we will continue to seek the proper protections for our sport, in partnership7️⃣ with other professional sports.
Our most important priority is protecting the integrity of our games.
We will continue to support legislation that7️⃣ creates air-tight coordination and partnerships between the state, the casino operators and the governing bodies in sports toward that goal."[19]
In7️⃣ April 2022, league-owned television channel MLB Network launched Pregame Spread, a weekday afternoon show hosted by Matt Vasgersian dedicated to7️⃣ analysis of betting lines and other aspects of sports gambling.[20]NFL
The National Football League (NFL) remains the only sports league to7️⃣ maintain public opposition to sports betting, however critics have noted that with the move of the Oakland Raiders to Las7️⃣ Vegas in 2019, the NFL has positioned itself for legalization, while simultaneously contradicting its long-held position that sports betting in7️⃣ NFL markets would lead to potential match-fixing.
[21] Commissioner Roger Goodell agreed with Manfred in a July 2017 seminar that betting7️⃣ on in-game events, as opposed to the outcome of games, was a more palatable form of sports betting.[22]
Like the NBA7️⃣ and MLB, the NFL issued a statement on May 14, 2018.
It emphasized the league's commitment to protecting the integrity of7️⃣ the game: "The NFL's long-standing and unwavering commitment to protecting the integrity of our game remains absolute.
" Moreover, the NFL7️⃣ called on Congress to craft a Federal framework for regulated sports betting.
"Congress has long recognized the potential harms posed by7️⃣ sports betting to the integrity of sporting contests and the public confidence in these events.
Given that history, we intend to7️⃣ call on Congress again, this time to enact a core regulatory framework for legalized sports betting."[23]NHL
The National Hockey League (NHL)7️⃣ has not stated a public position for or against sports betting, with Commissioner Gary Bettman noting that they are smaller7️⃣ than the NBA and NFL and less vulnerable to negative issues as a result.
The NHL was the first major professional7️⃣ league to place a team in Nevada, when the expansion Vegas Golden Knights took the ice in 2017: since then7️⃣ the league has signed sponsorship agreements with William Hill and MGM Resorts International that include betting partnerships and access to7️⃣ in-play data.
Other clubs in states with legal sports gambling, such as the New Jersey Devils and Philadelphia Flyers, also have7️⃣ similar sponsorships with bookmakers.
Following other US professional sports leagues, the NHL acknowledged the Supreme Court's PASPA decision with an internal7️⃣ review of its policies.
"The Supreme Court's decision today paves the way to an entirely different landscape – one in which7️⃣ we have not previously operated.
We will review our current practices and policies and decide whether adjustments are needed, and if7️⃣ so, what those adjustments will look like.
It's important to emphasize that the Supreme Court's decision has no immediate impact on7️⃣ existing League rules relating to sports wagering, and particularly, wagering involving NHL games."[24]Other leagues
Major League Soccer (MLS) the top soccer7️⃣ league in the United States and Canada has expressed sports betting as a possible way to gain popularity.
Commissioner Don Garber7️⃣ has stated about sports gambling, " We have a project going on now to really dig in deeply and understand7️⃣ it.
I'll join the chorus of saying it's time to bring it out of the dark ages.
We're doing what we can7️⃣ to figure out how to manage that effectively."[25]
The Alliance of American Football and XFL have both publicly endorsed gambling on7️⃣ their games, with the AAF securing a partnership with MGM Resorts International[26] and the XFL partnering with DraftKings.[27]
Advocacy and lobbying
The7️⃣ American Gaming Association stated in June 2017, that a coalition will advocate for the repeal of the United States' sports7️⃣ betting ban.[28]
In February 2018, a lobbying document surfaced advocating a new position held by the NBA and MLB – that7️⃣ sports leagues should be financially compensated for betting activity.[29]
Position of American NCAA
Perhaps the most extreme ban on sports betting is7️⃣ imposed by the NCAA, the main governing body for U.S.college sports.
The NCAA reified their position in the wake of various7️⃣ betting scandals, including the 1992 University of Nevada, Las Vegas and 1994 Arizona State University Point shaving scandals.
[30][31] As states7️⃣ began legalizing sports betting in the late 2010s, the NCAA signaled a shift in tone.
In 2017, then-NCAA President Mark Emmert7️⃣ talked about Las Vegas possibly hosting the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in the future.[32]
Emmert acknowledged the Supreme Court's7️⃣ overturn of PASPA on May 14, 2018,[33][34] restating the NCAA's strong commitment to competition and its student-athletes.
"Our highest priorities in7️⃣ any conversation about sports wagering are maintaining the integrity of competition and student-athlete well-being.
" Emmert also emphasized the importance of7️⃣ proper federal regulation.
"While we recognize the critical role of state governments, strong federal standards are necessary to safeguard the integrity7️⃣ of college sports and the athletes who play these games at all levels."[35]
Three days after the Supreme Court ruling, the7️⃣ NCAA suspended its policy prohibiting championship events from being held in states with legal sports betting.
The policy was fully rescinded7️⃣ in May 2019.
In October 2020, Las Vegas was awarded the West Regional of the 2023 Division I men's basketball tournament;7️⃣ the Frozen Four, the final phase of the Division I men's hockey tournament, in 2026; and the men's basketball Final7️⃣ Four in 2028.[36]
As of the 2021–22 school year, the official manuals for all three NCAA divisions still expressly ban a7️⃣ member institution's athletic department staff, non-athletic staff with responsibilities related to athletic activities, athletic conference staff, and student athletes from7️⃣ knowingly participating in sports wagering activities.[37][38][39]
This ban covers all competitions, whether intercollegiate, amateur, or professional, as well as team practices,7️⃣ in any sport in which the NCAA conducts a championship, plus Division I FBS football (whose championships have never been7️⃣ operated by the NCAA) and all sports within the scope of the NCAA Emerging Sports for Women program.
[40] The only7️⃣ exception is traditional wagers between institutions, most commonly associated with rivalries or bowl games; according to the NCAA, "items wagered7️⃣ must be representative of the involved institutions or the states in which they are located."[41]
The NCAA maintains that "Sports wagering7️⃣ has the potential to undermine the integrity of sports contests and jeopardizes the well-being of student-athletes and the intercollegiate athletics7️⃣ community.
It also demeans the competition and competitors alike by spreading a message that is contrary to the purpose and meaning7️⃣ of 'sport.'"[42]
Positions of other sports leagues and governing bodies
Premier League kit of West Ham United sponsorship by Betway
The Football Association,7️⃣ the governing body for association football in England, has imposed football betting bans on all individuals involved in the sport-players,7️⃣ managers, match officials, and club staff.
The scope of these bans varies based on level of the English football pyramid.[43][44]
The following7️⃣ individuals are banned from betting on any football-related matter worldwide, or providing inside information to any individual who can reasonably7️⃣ be assumed to use said information for betting purposes:
All players, managers, and club staff associated with any club occupying any7️⃣ of the top eight levels of the men's league system (the Premier League, English Football League, and the top four7️⃣ levels of the National League system) or the top two levels of the women's league system (the Women's Super League7️⃣ and Women's Championship).
All match officials, plus coaches and assessors thereof, who operate at Level 3 or above in the FA's7️⃣ referee classification system.
Individuals who are associated at clubs at lower levels of the men's or women's league systems, plus match7️⃣ officials at FA Level 4 or below, are only banned with respect to the match or competition in which they7️⃣ are involved or can influence, and also to the league in which they participate.
All individuals are banned from advertising or7️⃣ promoting any football betting activity in which FA regulations prohibit them from engaging.
This, however, only applies to individuals in their7️⃣ personal capacities.
For example, if a club is sponsored by a betting company and said company places its logo on the7️⃣ club's kit, the team's players are not in violation of the betting rules.
International baseball and softball
The World Baseball Softball Confederation,7️⃣ the international governing body for baseball and softball, has betting rules similar to those of Major League Baseball.
Participants in any7️⃣ WBSC-sanctioned event are banned from betting on the following:[45]
Any WBSC competition in which they are participating.
Any event in the participant's7️⃣ sport, even if not directly governed by WBSC.
For example: An individual involved with a national baseball team cannot bet on7️⃣ a Major League Baseball game.
However, someone involved solely with a national softball team can bet on an MLB game.
Any event7️⃣ in any multisport competition in which an individual is participating.
For example, an Olympic baseball or softball player cannot bet on7️⃣ any Olympic event taking place at that specific Summer Olympics.
The WBSC statutes define "participant" as any player, team staff member7️⃣ (including coaches/managers), tournament official (such as umpires and official scorers), or anyone in an ownership, executive, or staff role within7️⃣ any entity that organizes or promotes a WBSC-sanctioned event.
The betting ban, as in the case of The FA's rules outlined7️⃣ above, also extends to providing inside information that the tipper could reasonably believe will be used to bet on a7️⃣ WBSC event.
Cricket
The International Cricket Council imposes a blanket ban on what it calls "corrupt conduct" by anyone it defines as7️⃣ a "participant".[46]
Under the ICC anti-corruption statutes, a "participant" is defined as:
Anyone who has been selected to play in any international7️⃣ or domestic match that falls under the jurisdiction of any national cricket federation [a] within the previous 24 months (defined7️⃣ by the ICC as a "player").
within the previous 24 months (defined by the ICC as a "player").
Anyone who "is employed7️⃣ by, represents or is otherwise affiliated to" any international or domestic team falling under the jurisdiction of any national federation7️⃣ (defined by the ICC as "player support personnel").
Those who have served in such a role in the past remain subject7️⃣ to the code for 24 months after the end of their term.
Any cricketer or player support staffer who is currently7️⃣ under a ban imposed for violations of the ICC anti-corruption code, or the equivalent code of any national federation.
Any ICC7️⃣ administrative official, match referee, pitch curator (groundskeeper), player agent, umpire, or umpire support staffer.
The ICC shares anti-corruption jurisdiction with national7️⃣ cricket federations, all of which have anti-corruption rules substantially identical to those of the ICC.
The ICC has elaborate mechanisms for7️⃣ determining whether it or a national federation will take action under the relevant anti-corruption code.
In general, the ICC has either7️⃣ exclusive or priority jurisdiction over international matches, while national federations have responsibility for actions relating only to domestic matches.
The ICC7️⃣ code bans the following activities with regard to any international match, whether or not the participant had any involvement in7️⃣ said match, or any possible means of influencing the outcome:
Any attempted or actual match fixing, including spot-fixing (i.e.
, manipulating a7️⃣ specific event within a match).
However, manipulation of international matches strictly for strategic or tactical reasons is specifically excluded from the7️⃣ anti-corruption code.
Such actions instead constitute violations of the ICC's code of conduct.
Seeking, offering, accepting, or agreeing to accept a bribe7️⃣ to fix a match or event within a match.
Betting on any match, or on any event within a match.
Soliciting such7️⃣ a bet is also banned.
Misuse of inside information that could reasonably be used for betting purposes.
Providing any benefits for the7️⃣ purpose of violating the code.
Failing to report any attempted violation of the code by another individual, once the subject has7️⃣ become aware of it.
Famous betting scandalsJoseph J.
"Sport" Sullivan was an American bookmaker and gambler from Boston, Massachusetts who helped to7️⃣ initiate the 1919 Black Sox Scandal.
In 1919, the Chicago White Sox faced the Cincinnati Reds in the World Series.
This series7️⃣ would go down as one of the biggest sports scandals of all time.
As the story goes, professional gambler Joseph Sullivan7️⃣ paid eight members of the White Sox (Oscar Felsch, Arnold Gandil, Shoeless Joe Jackson, Fred McMullin, Charles Risberg, George Weaver,7️⃣ and Claude Williams) around 10,000 dollars each to fix the World Series.
All eight players were banned from playing professional baseball7️⃣ for the rest of their lives.
[47] Pete Rose, the all-time MLB leader in hits, was similarly banned from baseball in7️⃣ 1989 for betting on games while he was an MLB manager.
The rule against gambling in baseball is known as "Rule7️⃣ 21", which is publicly posted on dugout walls and states: "Any player, umpire, or club or league official or employee,7️⃣ who shall bet any sum whatsoever on any baseball game in connection with which the bettor has a duty to7️⃣ perform shall be declared permanently ineligible.
" People permanently banned from Major League Baseball are also forever banned from entry into7️⃣ the Baseball Hall of Fame, although most such people have been reinstated a few years later by a later Commissioner7️⃣ of Baseball.
For instance, Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays were both banned from baseball in 1983 after taking jobs as casino7️⃣ greeters (which would have expelled them from the Hall of Fame had it been allowed to stand); they were reinstated7️⃣ two years later.
Only Rose has yet to be reinstated.
A 1906 betting scandal between the Massillon Tigers and Canton Bulldogs, two7️⃣ of the top teams in professional American football in the early 1900s, led to the demise of "big-money" professional football7️⃣ for several years.
Modern research has suggested that the claims of betting were unsubstantiated.
On December 7, 1980, the San Francisco 49ers7️⃣ overcame a halftime deficit of 28 points in what became the greatest regular season comeback victory in NFL regular season7️⃣ history.
By the beginning of the third quarter, notorious Vegas bookmaker Frank Rosenthal received forfeiture notices from 246 San Francisco bettors7️⃣ totaling more than $25,000 in premature winnings.
Rosenthal was able to retain these winnings despite the outcome of the game due7️⃣ to gambling regulations previously established by the NAGRA.[48]
The Cronje Affair was an India-South Africa Cricket match fixing scandal that went7️⃣ public in 2000.
[49][50] It began in 1996 when the-then captain of the South African national cricket team, Hansie Cronje, was7️⃣ convinced by Mukesh "John" Gupta, an Indian bookmaker, to throw a match during a Test in Kanpur, India.
The scheme was7️⃣ discovered when Delhi police recorded illegal dealings between Indian bookmaker Sanjay Chawla and Cronje.
According to the Telegraph in 2010, Cronje7️⃣ was paid off a total of £65,000 from Gupta.[51]
Corruption in tennis has been long considered as issue.
[52] In 2011, the7️⃣ former world No.
55 Austrian tennis player, Daniel Köllerer, became the first tennis player to be banned for life for attempting7️⃣ to fix matches.
The violations were outstanding between October 2009 and July 2010 after The Tennis Integrity Units had launched an7️⃣ investigation on behalf of the International Tennis Federation and the ATP and WTA tours.
In 2004 and 2006, Koellerer was banned7️⃣ for six months due to his bad behavior.
In addition, in August 2010, he facilitated betting by placing odds for matches7️⃣ and had links for placing bets.[53]
Machine learning in sports betting
Machine learning models can make predictions in real time based on7️⃣ data from numerous disparate sources, such as player performance, weather, fan sentiment, etc.
Some models have shown accuracy slightly higher than7️⃣ domain experts.
[54] These models require a large amount of data that is comparable and well organized prior to analysis, which7️⃣ makes them particularly well suited to predicting the outcome of Esports matches, where large amounts of well structured data is7️⃣ available.
[55]See alsoReferencesBibliographyBoyd, Kier (1981).
Gambling Technology Washington, D.C.: FBI LaboratoryWashington, D.C.
: FBI Laboratory Davies, Richard (2001).
Betting the Line Columbus, Ohio: The7️⃣ Ohio State University Press ISBN 0-8142-0880-0
Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University Press ISBN 0-8142-0880-0 Finley, Peter (2008).
Sports Scandals Westport, Connecticut:7️⃣ Greenwood Press ISBN 978-0-313-34458-9
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press ISBN 978-0-313-34458-9 Rose, Pete (2004).
My Prison Without Bars St.
Martin's Press ISBN 1-57954-927-6St.
Martin's Press7️⃣ ISBN 1-57954-927-6 Thompson, William (2001).
Gambling in America-An Encyclopedia of History, Issues, and Society Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO ISBN 1-57607-159-6
Media related7️⃣ to Sports betting at Wikimedia Commons
Um dos métodos utilizados foi o EMS (Estrutura de Motociclar), para construir a estrutura de ralar do motor à base,🧬 usando modelos de caminhões e pneus como brita e asfalto.
A estrutura de ralar é montada a partir de uma base🧬 rígida, para ser montada dentro do cilindro, onde pode girar em torno de um eixo fixo para a frente e🧬 para os lados onde o carro roda.
Para a frente e para os lados é necessário levantar e girar o carro🧬 para cima, este
método exige mais força que a capacidade original dos carros.
No projeto original e do EMS, as regras da🧬 competição foram a mesma.